by Danielle Piser, OD, FAAO, Raman Bhakhri, OD, FAAO, Shaun Ittiara, MD | Apr 28, 2026
Introduction Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. Although thought to be a rare infection, syphilis cases have been on the rise over the last 20 years in the US and globally. Per the Centers for Disease...
by Raman Bhakhri, OD, FAAO, Kathryn Hohs, OD, FAAO, Chandler Wolfe, Aleeza Tariq | Apr 28, 2026
Introduction Granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) is an autosomal dominant inherited corneal epithelial stromal dystrophy that results in the deposition of discrete and irregular white-grey deposits at the level of the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma.1,2 Different...
by Jacqueline Dang, OD, FAAO, Ida Chung, OD, FAAO, FOVDR | Apr 28, 2026
Background Strabismus is a well-known diagnostic challenge for eyecare practitioners, and diagnosing it in an adult patient is particularly demanding due to the potential etiologies, including neurological dysfunction, orbital disease, binocular vision disorders or...
by Thuy-Lan Nguyen, OD, FAAO, FSLS, Stacy Zubkousky, OD, FAAO, FSLS | Apr 28, 2026
Background Microbial keratitis (MK) is an infectious corneal condition which can lead to corneal scarring and potentially serious visual impairment.1 Overnight contact lens wear is a leading cause for MK, especially in younger patients. In 1989, Poggio et al...
by Jennifer Reilly OD, MS, FAAO | Apr 28, 2026
Background Scleritis is a rare but critical ocular condition that consists of painful inflammation of the sclera.1 The condition often presents as a painful red eye that may be unilateral or bilateral in nature.2 Scleritis is a significant condition because it can be...
by Alfredo Mazzuca, OD, FAAO, Richard Madonna, OD, MA, FAAO | Apr 28, 2026
Background The purpose of this case study is to report the effectiveness of topical prednisolone acetate 1% for treating IGS, with a focus on its ability to improve visual acuity and central macular thickness. This case underscores the importance of distinguishing the...
by Jill Gottehrer, OD, FAAO | Apr 28, 2026
Background Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is believed to be a subtype of exudative age-related macular degeneration associated with an abnormal branching network of vessels with aneurysmal dilations referred to as polyps.1 Typically, it presents with orange...
